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条标及其英译

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作者:陈忠诚

条标是近些年来我们的法规条文之前出现的新玩意。它是某些归国法学留学人员努力的成果,也是立法技术同外国接轨的结晶。所谓“条标”(headnote)是条文本文前该条文的内容摘要,或者说是一个条文的标题吧。 

上海市人民政府法制办公室组稿并促使出版了中英对照的Shanghai’s Foreign Economic Rules and Regulations凡三集,但只是在其第三集(1993-1994)[以下简称“《III》”]中才有七个法规启用了条标。即使在1997年创刊的、由市法制办主办、作为《新法规月刊》增刊的中英对照的Supplement (Chinese-English) New Laws and Regulations[以下简称“《月》”]中,虽共有十五个法规,但有条标的亦仅八个。 

条标本身在我国尚属初创,其英译自亦启动伊始,尚在学步。所以,对法规条标及其英译进行研究-----哪怕是最初步的也是非常必要的。学生应考作试题,首先是要审题;否则就会名落孙山。条标英译者译条标也得先审慎熟思地不仅读条标,还要读条文本文,了解条标的来龙去脉及其现状,然后在理解的基础上落笔表达。 

就条标本身的现状而言,因立法者尚在学步阶段,自然还存在不少缺点。除“条标”要求言简意赅、重点鲜明突出这一点往往不能作到外,原文的毛病主要是条标内涵与条文内容环⒁胝哂窒±锖俊⒄昭匕丛挠⒁肓顺隼矗琳呋挂晕且胝叩奈笠耄峁梅捎⒁胝咛媪⒎ㄕ呤芄A⒎ㄕ弑硐衷谔醣晡淖种械拇砦笾牵ū辏┨獠欢裕ㄌ跷牡娜┪摹L醣晏獠欢晕牡牧⒎ù砦笥辛街中问剑?br> 
一曰条标内涵>条文内涵,如: 

1.第一条 (制定目的和依据) 

根据《基本农田保护条例》,结合本市的实际情况,制定本规定。 

Article I (Purpose and Basis) 

The present Provisions are formulated in accordance with the “Regulations on the Protection of Basic Farmland, and in the light of the specific circumstances in Shanghai. 

-Supplement (Chinese-English) New Laws and Regulations Monthly 

No.1,1997,pp.187/189 

二曰条标内涵<条文内涵,如: 

2.第十三条(监督检查制度) 

县、区人民政府应当组织土地管理部门和农业行政管理部门以及其他有关部门对基本农田保护情况定期进行检查,并将检查情况报送市房地局和市农委。 

市房地局和市农委应当加强对县、区基本农田保护工作的监督和指导。 

Article 13 (Supervision and Inspection System) 

The county(district)people’s governments shall organize the land administration departments, agricultural administration departments, and other departments to make regular inspections of the protection of basic farmland and report the results to the Housing and Land Bureau and the Agricultural Commission. 

The Housing and Land Bureau and the Agricultural Commission shall strengthen their supervision and guidance over the county’s (district’s)protection work of basic farmland protection. 

-Ibid.,pp.188/192 

3.第一条(目的) 

为了建立和完善本市事业单位登记管理制度,根据国家有关规定,结合本市实际情况,制定本办法。 

Article I (Purpose) 

The present Procedures are formulated in accordance with the relevant stipulations of the State and the actual conditions of Shanghai with a view to establishing and improving the administration of the registration of the institution in this Municipality. 

=Ibid.,pp.112/115 

4.第一条(目的) 

为了保护本市城乡居民的基本生活,帮助个人或者家庭克服生活困难,维护社会稳定,促进社会进步,根据本市实际情况,制定本办法。 

Article 1(Purpose) 

The present Procedures are formulated in the light of the actual conditions of this Municipality with a view to ensuring the basic needs of life of the urban and rural residents in this Municipality, helping individual persons or families in overcoming the difficulties in their living, maintaining social stability and promoting social progress. 

-Ibid.,pp.157/160 

以上立法者毛手毛脚地马虎从事:例1中法律的条文本文中只有立法依据-----“根据......,结合......”------而根本没有什么立法目的;但在上例条标中却无中生有,冒出了条文中所没有的“目的”,使条标内涵疯长一倍,变成“目的和依据”了。英译者呢,又在立法者毛手毛脚、马马虎虎的 “基础”上再毛手毛脚、马马虎虎,连汉语条文的本文也不屑一顾,单看汉语错误条标中“目的和依据”五字就机械自动化地误译成“Purpose and Basis”了事。 

例2至例4的性质也是一样,只是方向正好相反------例1是条标大于条文,例2-3则是条标小于条文:原文的内涵比条标多了。如例2条文本身是“督导检查”而条标却只反映了条文内涵的三分之二------“监督、检查制度”;例3与例4,则条标(目的)只反映了条文(“目的和依据”)的前一半而丢了后一半。译者不察,就跟着立法者错误的条标,堂而皇之地跟着译错。 

以上情况,上文曾经说过:译法者代立法者受过。这里应该纠正一下:这是译者与立法者主动密切配合的共同错误,不能说译者代人受过------因为译者自己也“有过失”即“contributory negligence”也. 

不过,条标误译也有完全由于译者的独立努力而一手造成的,如: 

一、如前所述,条标即条文的标题。因此,在大写法(即“capitalization”)上,条标必须按英语标题大写法大写行事。但在有关书中的条标中颇有应予大写而被误作小写的,如下列各例中下划线印刷的部分都是必须大写的: 

1.Article 4 (Submission of Form for Carrying out the Construction Project) 

-Supplement (Chinese-English) New Laws and Regulations Monthly,p.126 

2.Article 5 (Contents of the Form for the Basic Carry out of Construction Project) 

-Ibid.126 

3.Article 12 (Procedures for Contracting out through Call for Tenders) 

-Ibid.,p.129 

4.Article 20 (Retrieving of Land-Use Right from the Former User of the parcel of land ) 

-Ibid.,p.154 

5.Article 23 (Material Help for Low-Income Individual persons or Families) 

-Ibid.,p.164 

6.Article 9 (Materials to be Submitted for Registration of Possession of Property Right) 

-Ibid.,p183 

这该大写而不大写的错误反映了译者不了解标题从而亦即标题大写的规则:凡属实词,不管多短(即使短如be/out)亦务必大写;虚词一般都小写,但满五字母的虚词可以大写,不满五字母的不得大写、满七个字母的虚词(through)则在标题或条标中必须大写。

二、条标英译,译名该统一的必须统一:条标英译伊始,尚处摸索阶段,一时译名不一似应容忍。但绝对地说,条标译名必须统一------特别是常用的条标(如“目的”“定义”“施行日期”)。例如,“施行日期”就存在着数量惊人的译名不统一,如:

有一些条标中,“施行日期”被译作“date of implementation”如:

1.Article 40(Date of Implementation)
Shanghai’s Foreign Economic Rules and Regulations(1993-1994)p.387

2.Article 17(Date of Implementation)
-Ibid.,p.398

3.Article 48(Date of Implementation)
-Ibid.,p.565

4.Article 40(Date of Implementation)
-Ibid.,p.596

5.Article 36(Date of Implementation)
-Supplement(Chinese-English)New Laws and Regulations Monthly,
1997,p.l,p.134

6.Article 19(Date of Implementation)
-Ibid.,p.140

7.Article 34(Date of Implementation)
-Ibid.,p.166

但在同样资料来源的另一些条标中,“施行日期”却是被译作“Effective Date”了,如:

8.Article 66 (Effective Date)
-Shanghai’s Foreign Economic Rules and Regulations(1993-1994),p.267

9.Article 19(Effective Date)
-Ibid.,p.343

10.Adrticle 28(Effective Date)
-Supplement(Chinese-English)New Laws and Regulations
Monthly,1997.1,p.121

11.Article 39(Effective Date)
-Ibid.,p.179

12.Article 14(Effective Date)
-Ibid.,p.192

上述,“施行日期”这一条标的同名异译,殊无并存之理由,而颇有统一的必要。其中可取的当然不是“Date of Implementation”而是“Effective Date”------因为作

为条标,“Effective Date”在那方面考量,也要比“Date of Implementation”强,您说呢?

三、名词的数,汉语不讲形式,英语则往往要讲形式(即加“+s”)。想不到这竟成了我们条标英译阵地上的一枚地雷:条标译文中该用复数处竟爆出了单数,又落得个标题不对条文(标题中所用的单数名词同条文本身的复数名词对不上号)的下场,请看:

1.Article 1 (Purpose)
The present Procedures are promulgated ... in order to standardize ....,protect ... and enhance ...
-Supplement(Chinese-English)New Laws and Regulations
Monthly,1997.1,p.126

2.Article 1 (Purpose)
The present Procedures are promulgated ...to strengthen ... and to protect ...
-Ibid.,p.137

3. Article 34(Definition)
Individual item works means ...
-Ibid.,p.134

4. Article 2(Definition)
Hongkong and Macao residents specified in the present Procedures refers to ... and overseas Chinese refers to ...
-Ibid.,p.137

5.Article 14(Administrative Penalty)
The public security department may give a disciplinary warning... or impose a fine of ...
-Ibid.,p.139

6. Article 1 (Purpose and Basis)
The present Procedures are formulated ... for the purpose of ...
-Shanghai Foreign Economic Rules and Regulations (1993-1994),p.239

7.Article 27(Invalid Contract)
The following mortgage contracts are invalid contracts...
-Ibid.,p.250

8.Article 1(Purpose and Basis)
For the purpose of ..., the present Procedures are promulgated ...
-Ibid.,p.334

9.Article 14(Award to Experts from Abroad for Their Outstanding Contributions)
... an expert from abroad who ... shall be given the following awards:...
-Ibid.,p.342

10.Adrticle 2(Definition)
The term “construction projects” used in these Procedures means ...
The term “quality of construction projects” used in these Procedures means ...
-Ibid.,p.359-360

11.Article 35(Penalty for Violating Stipulations on Land Management)
If ..., the department in charge ... shall impose penalties in accordance with...
-Supplement(Chinese-English)New Laws and Regulations
Monthly,1997.1,p.155

12.Article 30 (Information service)
Staff members belonging to the public libraries shall provide readers with information..., answer their questions and help them search for what they need.

Public libraries shall ... collect information ...,compile reference materials and help look for and translate ... for readers.

_Ibid.,p.177

四、词性错位,如:

1.Article 12 (reissue and Replacement of the Temporary Residence Permit)
-Ibid.,p.139

按:“reissue”似系动词而并非名词------虽issue既有名词亦有作名词者,但前缀“re”通常冠于动词或由动词派生之名词之前,而不与非派生名词一起构成名词。故曰此条标中使用“reissue”显属词性错位。

2.Article 34(Obligation on Observe unified Provisions for Accepting Cases and Charging fees)

-Shanghai’s Foreign Economic Rules and Regulations(1993-1994),p.558

按:此条标中,“observe”错位了,纠正之道,以把“on”改为“to”为最便捷。

五、不够简赅。可以下列各例佐证:

1.Article 48(Date of Implementation)

-Ibid.,p.565

按:可作“Implementation Date” 或“Effective Date”,以后者为佳。

2.第三条 (有关用语含义)

-Ibid.,p.222

Article 3 (Definition of Following Terms used in the present Procedures)

_Ibid.,p.233

按:读了所列条标的汉语及其英译,百思不得其解;条标不是要求行文简赅吗?然则,译者究竟是出于何种心态偏要译得如此冗长拖沓呢?

现斗胆试译如下,如有不当,乞原译者恕罪:

Article 3(The Terms Defined)/(Definitions)

3.第六条 (不授与资格的情形)

Article 6(Circumstances Warranting a Denial of the Lawyer’s Qualification)

-Ibid.,pp.529/546

按:此译译出了原文之所无(“律师”)、与条标在文体上要求简赅唱对台戏,拟试译为:(Where No-qualifications Granted)

4.第三十二条 (罚则)

Article 32(Provisions of Punishment)
-Ibid.,pp.574/592

按: 此条标可作如下译而无损于原文:

Article 32(Penalties)
5.第三十三条 (执法程序)

Article 33(Procedures for Implementation of the Present Provisions)
-Ibid.,pp.574/593

按:可惜 现世一字不值千金,否则译者行文译条标不致如此大方地浪费笔墨以致条标拖沓冗长、远离原文而至于斯的吧。试译如下:

Article 33 (Enforcement Procedure)

六、用词失当(poor or wrong diction),如:

1.第四十六条 (收费标准)

Article 46(Rate of Fees)
-Shanghai’s Foreign Economic Rules and Regulations(1993-1994),pp.540/564

按:在这一条标的上下文中,只 须用“”或“”已足,不必两者并举。

2.第十八条 (应用解释部门)

Article 18(Interpretative Department for Implementation of the Present Procedures)

按: 作为条标,原文六个字不但已经噜苏而且无法一目了然,已经不妙。对上列译文来说,可谓先天不足。然译者还嫌原文不够噜苏,把汉语条标所无的“”这层含义硬塞进英语条标中来,使译文的噜苏度(以字数记)陡增了一倍------于心何忍?译者对条标如此缺乏信心,不如废弃条标,让读者只读部门名称外其长度仅条标两倍的第十八条条文本身:

Article 18 The Leading Group for the Intake of Intelligence from Abroad of Shanghai Municipality shall be responsible for the interpretation of the implementation of the present Procedures
-Ibid.,p.239

在此条标英译遇难之际,必须从大处着眼,快刀斩乱麻,当机立断,挽救此条标于危难之中,试译如下:

(1)Article 18(Interpretation)
(2)Article 18(Who to Interpret)

即使同一资料来源中另一同类条标的下列译文也要较本条条标略胜一筹吧:

Article 65(Interpretation of Actual Application)

The Municipal Real Estate Administration shall be responsible for the interpretation of the actual application of the present Procedures.
-Ibid.,p.267

千万别以为译条标乃雕虫小计而轻心大意------其中学问大着呢,得多加小心,才不致败下阵来。

七、译文背离或不合原意,如:

1. Article 3(Definition of Collectively-Owned Land-Use Right granting)
按:此条标英语译文之差劲儿不仅在于把该大写的“Granting”违反常识地小写成“granting”,还在于全文一连串字的堆砌,语群分不清;更在于其所译之“Definition”根本不是什么Definition 。这只要看了该条条文本文的译文便知分晓:

Article 3(Definition of Collectively-Owned Land-Use Right granting)

The collectively-owned land must first be requisitioned and turned into state-owned land before the land-use right may be granted in accordance with the provisions of the present Procedures.
-----Supplement(Chinese-English)New Laws and Regulations
Monthly, p.146

瞧,条文像个定义吗?太不像了!问题症结也正在这里------译者把“限定”当作“定义”来解释,而实际上这个“限定”并不是什么原文“Definition”,而是Restriction!不信,请看原文:第三条(集体所有土地使用权出让的限定)

集体所有的土地必须先行征用转为固有土地后,方可以按本办法的规定出让土地使用权。

怎么样?

2. Article 31 (Legal Surveillance over the Exercise of the Right or Business Operation)

按:(1)首先,什么是“surveillance”?学雷锋做好事、做正当的合法的事,是不会“under surveillance”的;只有做消极的不正当的、违法的勾当才会“under surveillance”呀。那么,问题就来了;堂堂正正的 “Exercise of the Right of Business Operation”何以在此英译条目中竟成了surveillance的对象------受到监视?!

(2) 如果读了该条条文的全文,就一目了然------条标的原文给译错了,甚至不妨说给译反了。请看;

第三十一条 (执业权的法律监督)

对侵犯律师执业权利的行为,律师、律师事务所或者市律师协会可以请求法律监督机关实施法律监督。

-《上海市涉外经济法规规章汇编》(1993-1994),p.536

瞧,按原文,法律监督(legal surveillance)对象是对律师执业权利的侵犯;而按条标的英译,则法律监督的对象却反而是“执业权利”了。

译者之所以会犯下这样的翻译大错,固然是由于立法者所设下的陷阱(条标是“执业权的法律监督”),但是译者只要读读条文全文,稍稍动动脑筋而不是就词译词地译条标原文的表面文章,是不会落井的。

看来,本条的英文条标该是“”Surveillance over Infringement of Right of Practicing”之类吧。

总之,条标引进伊始,条标的英译也一样。存在这样或那样的问题虽比较严重却也是很自然的,不值得大惊小怪。看来,轻视条标的英译工作是条标英译的大敌。轻敌必然要在敌人面前败下阵来。对策有二:调整心态,加强业务进修。预祝条标英译进步!

为此,为初从事条标英译者以及不动脑筋、看到条标立即匆匆落笔、信手译来的老手提供一份checklist-----事先用作《条标英译须知》之用,事后可作条标译审校核之用。请看:

1. 研读汉语条标,充分理解其内涵。
2. 评定汉语条标是否言简意赅。
3. 至此,切忌动笔就条标译条标;而
4. 务必研读条文本文以加深对条标的认识:条标的内涵与条标全文有无以及有多大出入。
5.如有以上四步得出“汉语条标合格“的结论,可以着手开始译条标,如得出“汉语条标不合格“的结论,译者必须在原文、译文的结合点上作必要的 调整,制作条标最佳译文的初稿。

6. 检查初稿,要求做到:

(1)条标译文的 大小写必须符合书写法关于大小写的规范。
(2)条标用语必须同条文内的同样用语保持统一。
(3)译文的用词造句足以保证英译条标在总体上能真正言简意赅,准确无误。
(4)随时积累具体资料,为交流、总结、提高条标英译水平作好基础工作。

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2004-6-9 0:52:00-2017-08-22